Insect resistance in sweetpotato plant introduction. Insects cause direct losses by, sucking cell sap sucking insects. Once plant traits conferring resistance to insect pests are identi. Genetic resistance to plant viruses has been used for at least 80 years to control agricultural losses to viral diseases. By recreating plant defenses, genetic resistance to insect pests plays, in an environmentally compatible manner, a vital role in the attempt to enhance ecological stability in agricultural crops. Cultivated variety tkm 6 rice stem borer resistance 2. Experimental techniques in hostplant resistance springerlink. Plant breeding can be defined as an art and science and technology of improving the genetic make up of plants in relation to their economic use for the man kind.
Soil factors and edaphic factors some times poses severe problems. Insects attack all the crop plants and lead to considerable losses in yield as well as quality. The reasons are primarily that the breeder must give priority to yielding capacity and product quality. It denotes less disease development in a genotype than that in the susceptible variety and is a relative. Concerning plant protection against insect pests, the most common and conventional measure is the use of insecticides. There is room to improve research and extension documentation to assist producers in making better use of the available resistance to insects in vegetable crops. In other words, formation of a seed by union of the male and the female gametes from the same plant also refered as autogamy. The attention pri now receives in extension publications is also increasing.
Breeding resistant varieties is the easy way to combat abiotic stress. Insect resistance in host crop plants is due to morphological, biochemical or physiological characters. Plant resistance is a classical and proven alternative crop protection strategy that is the basic tool of integrated pest management. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by the breeders, increasing their susceptibility. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. Pest resistance is essential in crop breeding but marginal in tree breeding.
Apr 01, 2012 ten genotypes had significantly less insect injury than picadito, a commercial boniatotype sweetpotato grown extensively in southern florida. To date, hundreds of naturally occurring genes for resistance to plant viruses have been reported from studies of both monocot and dicot crops, their wild relatives, and the plant model, arabidopsis. Lecture 16 host plant resistance definition types and. Pdf development of eggplant varietal resistance to. Development, adoption, and regulation, brian haberstroh. The diversification of flowering plants angiosperms during the cretaceous period is associated with speciation in insects. Selection and breeding for insect resistance background. But the use of chemicals poses a threat to our natural envir. Breeding insect resistant crops for sustainable agriculture. Early insect herbivores were mandibulate, but the evolution of vascular plants led to the coevolution of other forms of herbivory, such as leaf feeding, sapsucking.
In this paper we discuss genetic variation in crop responses to insect attack and strategies for crop genetic. Scientific communication and crispr, sarah fleischmann. Breeding for resistance to diseases and insects springerlink. Lec 01 aims and objectives of plant breeding 15 lec 02 modes of reproduction 610. Insect resistance an overview sciencedirect topics. In terms of breeding system, selfpollination is an extreme form of inbreeding, rapidly restores homozygosity.
These bt genes code for toxins, which normally reside in crystalline inclusion bodies produced during sporulation of the soilborne bacterium b. Commercial preparations of crystalline spores have a natural insecticidal effect and occupy, therefore, a prominent place in the field of insect biocontrol. Pdf advances in breeding for resistance to insects prof. In some cases, antibiotics may lead even to death of an insect. Based on evolutionary concept sympatric resistance. Mechanisms of resistance to insect herbivores in isolated. Resistant plants retard the growth and rate of reproduction of insect pest.
Transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma within the same flower or to a stigma of another flower on the same plant. Breeding for quality traits, breeding for multiple cropping system, ideotype. Crop plants are attacked by various diseases and insects, resulting in considerable yield losses. Plant resistance to insects is a natural phenomenon based on plant selfdefense mechanisms. Acquired by coevolution of plant and insect gene for gene.
Plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests. Review on impact of plant breeding in crop improvement, ethiopia. Insect resistant corn and cotton have been credited with reducing the amount of chemical insecticides applied worldwide to those crops by 6. Research to transfer insect resistance genes from bt to crop plants is well under way. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest. New directions for improving crop resistance to insects by. The important characters that lead to pest resistance are.
It also provides an overview of the fascinating field of insect plant relationships, which is fundamental to the study of host plant resistance to insects. Reduction is quality or make unfit for consumption. May 23, 2020 a major success in plant breeding for disease resistance is the broad spectrum and durable control of powdery mildew caused by blumeria graminis f. Insects cause indirect damage by, acting as vectors for. Plant breeders developing insect resistant cultivars have a threepronged. Breeding crop plants for resistance to a large range of abiotic and biotic. Into what us crops have bt genes for insect resistance been inserted. Glabrous strains of cotton are resistant to bollworms but susceptible to jassids. This has been particularly dramatic in cotton, where the use of bt varieties has been integral to campaigns to eradicate major pests such as the pink bollworm from cotton. These have gained importance and, in some cases, produced. Divergence during breeding history within and between subspecies revealed this pattern and novel resistance mechanism, defining new targets for plant breeding.
Many of these sweetpotato genotypes have high levels of resistance to soil insect pests, and they may be useful as sources of insect resistance for use in sweetpotato breeding programs. Plant resistance to insects is one of several cultural control methods. The cultivation of resistant varieties has been recognized as the most effective, ideal and economical method of reducing crop losses stakman and harrar. Biotechnology, insect resistance, novel genes, transgenic plants. Essential of plant breeding pdf free download agriculture study. Pdf advances in breeding for resistance to insects researchgate. Which of the following is another major cause for large scale destruction of crop plants.
Initially early farmers simply selected food plants with particular desirable characteristics, and employed these as progenitors for subsequent generations, resulting in an accumulation of valuable traits over time. Strategies for enhanced crop resistance to insect pests. Technologies for crop resistance against insect pests the complementary roles of conventional breeding and genetic technologies once plant traits conferring resistance to insect pests are identi. Forest trees are mainly wild, undomesticated, outbred like human beings, highly. The dynamic nature of host insect interaction, loss of effectiveness of chemicals, breakdown of natural or artificial plant resistance, and complexities in screening and selection of the resistant material under uniform insect infestation across environments make breeding for resistance to insects a greater challenge roush and mckenzie 1987. In crop plants such as 1 reduction in plant growth or stunting. Instead, deterrent cultivarspecific volatiles appear to provide general resistance to insect herbivores. It is mainly cultivated in tropical asian and meditenanean countries. A hybrid commercial bt rice, shan you 63, has now been fieldevaluated in china on a large scale and has shown resistance to two insect pests. Breeding for quality traits, breeding for multiple cropping system, ideotype breeding.
Genetic resistance is the cheapest and the best method of minimizing such losses. The insect resistance in host crop plants may be due to the morphological, biochemical or physiological characteristics. Breeding for resistance to are insect pest may leads to the susceptibility to another pest. Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics. Rnai for plant insects pests resistance plant breeders and biotechnologists are using different approaches to develop insect pest resistant varieties. The annual worldwide production of eggplant was about 9 million metric tons in 1995 and it has increased in the last fifteen. Essential of plant breeding pdf free download essential of plant breeding pdf free download. Conventional breeding of insectresistant crop plants. Breeding may have favoured bottomup rather than topdown insect resistance 9.
Development of eggplant varietal resistance to insects and diseases via plant breeding. Entomologists, breeders and the molecular biologists need. In selfpollinated crops individual plants are selected to form a variety. This book isintended for use in advanced courses on host plant resistance or by researchers actively involved in plant breeding for pest and disease. Introduction like disease, insects are important causal factors of biotic stress in crop plants. Jun 30, 2019 plant breeding for insect resistance like disease, insects are important causal factors of biotic stress in crop plants. Resistant varieties are developed through the use of resistant donor parents available in the gene pool. Biology online test for schools on plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests and for improved food quality. Insects cause yield loss in both direct and indirect losses.
Screening and breeding for insect resistance in pea, lentil. Although crop yields and effectiveness of insect control vary among bt hybrids and transgenic technologies, bt plants generally are very effective for controlling target insects especially european corn borer. Nov 28, 2017 insect pests are usually controlled using insecticides, but the increasing occurrence of insecticide. Breeding for disease resistance, breeding for insect resistance, breeding for drought and salanity resistance. Host plant resistance to insects introduction to applied entomology. Types of genetic host resistance and their breeding approaches. Plant breeding and selecting for insect resistance journal of. This method is effective for high heritability, that is the presence of additive gene action and minimal influence of genotype x environment interaction on the expression of the selected trait. The biological control of insects as related to host resistance is a relatively new. Anyone may download it, in pdf format, and may make an entirely. Insects and pest infestation are two major causes for large destruction of crop plant and crop. It results from insect plant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. The improvements made in field crops by plant breeding are numerous poehlman, 20.
Review rna interference rnai induced gene silencing. Singh, breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Conventional breeding is possible where the trait of interest is present in the same species forexample,inalandrace. Early insect herbivores were mandibulate, but the evolution of vascular plants led to the coevolution of other forms of herbivory, such as leaf feeding, sapsucking, leaf mining, tissue borer, gall forming and nectarfeeding. In contrast to maize, rice, vegetables and wheat, limited progress has occurred to develop meaningful levels of pest resistance in cassava, cowpea and pigeonpea. Breeding for insect resistance has received relatively little attention in most plant breeding programmes. Screening for resistance to fungal or bacterial pathogens typically involves the development of an arti. Pdf development of eggplant varietal resistance to insects. Overview of the methods for control of plant pathogens and pests.
Resistance incorporated in a variety against different environmental stresses like insects, diseases, nematodes, heat, drought, cold, etc. Breeding f or resistance to insects present s some difficult ies. Plant breeding pdf download important agri learner. Breeding for insect resistance, breeding for drought and salanity resistance. Aug 16, 2012 biological and economic effects of plant pathogens and pests. Plant breeding is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for the benefit of. One such nearterm biotechnology application is insect resistant crops through the insertion of a gene from bacillus thuringiensis bt that produces a protein toxic to certain insects of lepidoptera, coleoptera and diptera families. Modern insect resistance is frequently based on one or a few specific bt genes in gm plants. Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective. Plant breeding creative components agronomy iowa state. Cultural control methods involve use of agronomic practices to reduce insect pest abundance and damage below that which would have occurred if the practice had not been used. Ufifas plant breeding programs will continue releasing everimproved cultivars bred for increased pest and disease resistance, yield, quality, nutrition, taste, maturity date, and appearance. Plant breeding started with sedentary agriculture and particularly the domestication of the first agricultural plants, a practice which is estimated to date back 9,000 to 11,000 years. Cultural control methods involve use of agronomic practices to reduce insect pest abundance and damage below that.
The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and superior traits for a variety of agricultural applications. For example, resistance to jassids in cotton and cereal leaf beetle in wheat. Disease resistance is often defined as reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant. Evaluation of selection methods for resistance to a specialist insect.
Cytoplasmic plasmogenes european corn borer in maize. Hairy leaves of many plants are associated with resistance to insect pests. The isolation and characterization of a few of these genes in the past. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed. Prospects for using transgenic resistance to insects in crop. Although classical breeders have been developed various insect pest resistant cultivars, how. Dec 03, 2017 problems in breeding for insect resistance. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques. The breeding methods for developing resistance to insects in self and. Corn, cotton and potatoes are three of the many commercial crops targeted for bt insect resistance. The earliest landplants evolved around 450 million years ago from aquatic plants devoid of vascular systems.
Bt in corn confers resistance to european corn borers modern corn hybrids have some resistance to european corn borers ecb, but they still sustain damage from. Crisprcas technology for plant breeding, tiffani hull. Commercial preparations of crystalline spores have a natural insecticidal effect and occupy, therefore, a prominent place in the field of insect. Basics of insect resistance to in plant breeding morphological factors hairiness cotton and beans, color red versus green cabbage, solid stem wheat stem sawfly toughness of tissues cotton physiological factors osmotic concentrations, gummy exudates biochemical factors high silica content in rice stem borer, benzyl alcohol in wheat and barley. As one of the most diverse plant breeding programs in the country, it will continue innovating and streamlining its breeding. Selection is done for easily observable characters like height, grain color, seed size, disease resistance, insect resistance etc. Poly genic more durable wheat cereal leaf beetle resistance. A case study of developing soybean cultivars with stable aphid resistance, reginald. Precision plant breeding with crispr genome editing. Return to resistance breeding crops to reduce pesticide. Department of plant breeding and geneticspunjab agricultural. Genetic and metabolomic data fusion to unravel whitefly resistance in tomato. Breeding for resistance to diseases and insect pests. Jun 01, 2015 such indirect defence has perhaps been neglected as a potential trait for breeding increased crop resistance to insect pests.
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